Accounting and Consulting
Individuals and businesses making contributions to charity should keep in mind several important tax law provisions that have taken effect in recent years. Some of these changes include the following:
Special Tax-Free Charitable Distributions for Certain IRA Owners
This provision, currently scheduled to expire at the end of 2013, offers older owners of individual retirement arrangements (IRAs) a different way to give to charity. An IRA owner, age 70½ or over, can directly transfer tax-free up to $100,000 per year to an eligible charity. This option, first available in 2006, can be used for distributions from IRAs, regardless of whether the owners itemize their deductions. Distributions from employer-sponsored retirement plans, including SIMPLE IRAs and simplified employee pension (SEP) plans, are not eligible.
To qualify, the funds must be transferred directly by the IRA trustee to the eligible charity. Distributed amounts may be excluded from the IRA owner’s income – resulting in lower taxable income for the IRA owner. However, if the IRA owner excludes the distribution from income, no deduction, such as a charitable contribution deduction on Schedule A, may be taken for the distributed amount.
Not all charities are eligible. For example, donor-advised funds and supporting organizations are not eligible recipients.
Amounts transferred to a charity from an IRA are counted in determining whether the owner has met the IRA’s required minimum distribution. Where individuals have made nondeductible contributions to their traditional IRAs, a special rule treats amounts distributed to charities as coming first from taxable funds, instead of proportionately from taxable and nontaxable funds, as would be the case with regular distributions. See Publication 590, Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs), for more information on qualified charitable distributions.
Rules for Charitable Contributions of Clothing and Household Items
To be tax-deductible, clothing and household items donated to charity generally must be in good used condition or better. A clothing or household item for which a taxpayer claims a deduction of over $500 does not have to meet this standard if the taxpayer includes a qualified appraisal of the item with the return.
Donors must get a written acknowledgement from the charity for all gifts worth $250 or more that includes, among other things, a description of the items contributed. Household items include furniture, furnishings, electronics, appliances and linens.
Guidelines for Monetary Donations
To deduct any charitable donation of money, regardless of amount, a taxpayer must have a bank record or a written communication from the charity showing the name of the charity and the date and amount of the contribution. Bank records include canceled checks, bank or credit union statements, and credit card statements. Bank or credit union statements should show the name of the charity, the date, and the amount paid. Credit card statements should show the name of the charity, the date, and the transaction posting date.
Donations of money include those made in cash or by check, electronic funds transfer, credit card and payroll deduction. For payroll deductions, the taxpayer should retain a pay stub, a Form W-2 wage statement or other document furnished by the employer showing the total amount withheld for charity, along with the pledge card showing the name of the charity.
These requirements for the deduction of monetary donations do not change the long-standing requirement that a taxpayer obtain an acknowledgment from a charity for each deductible donation (either money or property) of $250 or more. However, one statement containing all of the required information may meet both requirements.
I ran across this blog from the Tax Foundation. No matter what your political views are, this blog post is worth a read.
http://taxfoundation.org/blog (scroll down to “High Implicit Marginal Tax Rates Make Life Difficult for the Poor)
One of the most-commonly claimed tax credits on an individual tax return is the Federal Energy Tax Credit. The credit is designed to give you a tax break if you make energy-efficient improvements to your home. Unfortunately, there are a lot of rules that you must understand before you take the credit – here are the basics of what you need to know:
There are 2 main energy credits:
The first: A credit for installing solar water heating equipment, fuel cell equipment, wind energy equipment, or geothermal equipment. Of these, the most-commonly claimed is the credit for installing geothermal equipment. In this case the tax credit is 30% of the cost of the entire geothermal system including labor. Thus, if you spent $15,000 on a geothermal system in 2013, your credit would be $4,500, meaning that you would pay $4,500 less in Federal tax in 2013. You can take this credit for systems that you install in either a newly-constructed home or in an existing home. There is no lifetime cap on this type of credit.
The second: A credit for 10% of the cost of energy-efficient improvements made to your home. Those improvements could be caulking, new qualifying windows, weather-stripping, adding insulation, new qualifying exterior doors, new qualifying storm-doors, new qualifying heat pump or air conditioning system, new qualifying hot water heaters, etc. You will notice that I used “qualifying” often. To determine if your energy savings improvements are qualified, you would need to obtain a certificate from the manufacturer of the item stating as much. If you didn’t get a certificate from the manufacturer of the item, then you might go to websites such as energystar.gov to get an idea as to if your improvement is qualified. Keep in mind that the cost of labor may or may not be included in figuring the credit, depending on what particular improvement you make to your home. In addition, there are caps on some of the credits (such as a $150 max credit for a natural gas furnace, a $300 max credit for a natural gas water heater, amongst other caps). Also, the maximum combined credit that you can take on all of your tax returns from 2006-2013 can not exceed $500. This type of credit can only be used on existing homes and not on newly-constructed homes.
If you can not determine whether or not your improvements qualify for the credit, then give us a call – we have resources to help you determine if you are eligible for the credit.
I am sure you have heard it said that the average person changes jobs 11 times in their lifetime. There are 2 major deductions that are avaialable related to job changes – the moving deduction and the job-hunting expense deduction.
The moving deduction is the most valuable since it is directly deductible against your income for both Federal and state taxes. You would likely qualify to deduct the costs of a move if you moved more than 50 miles for a new job. Technically, the distance between your new job location and former house must be at least 50 miles more than the distance between the old job location and your former house. If there is no established old job location, then the distance test is met if the new workplace is at least 50 miles from your former home…blah blah blah…just keep in mind “50 miles” and we can figure out the rest to see if you qualify.
In addition, you must work as a full-time employee at the new location for at least 39 weeks in the 12 month period following arrival in the new location and the move has to be “closely related” in time to the start of work at the new job location.
The job-hunting expense deduction is less valuable since it is a miscellaneous itemized deduction and not deductible for state taxes. Miscellaneous itemized deductions are only deducible if you itemize, and then only to the extent that they exceed 2% of your income for the year. Generally, you can count as a miscellaneous itemized deduction any costs that you incur so that you can earn taxable income – job-hunting expenses certainly fit this description.
Job-hunting expenses include employment agency fees, resume preparation fees, career couseling or placement fees, transportation costs to job interviews (travel, hotel, meals, mileage, flights), and publications that you purchase or subscribe to that advertise employment opportunities. This deduction only applies to those who are seeking out work in the same field that they are currently employed in. That means that first-time job seekers are ineligible for the tax break, as are those seeking to enter into a new industry.
There was one dentist in my hometown. Upon graduating from college, he bought a building in town, outfitted it with dental equipment and started accepting patients. He must have been practicing for 20 years before I was old enough to need his services. My mom sent me to him throughout my childhood (another 15 years). In those 35 years since he graduated from college, he never changed a thing. He used the same dental equipment, same 1960’s syringes (big metal things with glass tubes), same sinks and chairs, and worst of all, the same dental methods that he learned in college.
After I grew up and moved away from my hometown, I was amazed to learn that tooth-colored fillings existed! My hometown dentist only offered analgum fillings. I was amazed to see a digital x-ray! My hometown dentist processed the x-ray film the old way. My hometown dentist would wash and re-use syringes…nobody does that anymore! The field of dentistry had advanced quite a bit since he graduated from college, but he hadn’t kept up – after 35 years, he was a dinosaur.
One might doubt that there are many industries where a professional can make a living as a dinosaur, but like small-town dentistry, the accounting industry is full of dinosaurs.
The accounting industry changes daily. If a practitioner “takes it easy” for even one year, they are way behind. Software changes, accounting methods change, tax rules change, IRS procedures change, technology changes, etc. I see many tax returns come across my desk that were prepared by someone like my hometown dentist. The accountant might have been on the cutting edge at one time, but his knowledge has since atrophied from neglect. The results are some bad tax returns…tax returns that are off by $1,000’s.
The mentality among clients is often: “Matt has taken care of my return for years, he knows me.” That is true, Matt knows you and your situation, but does he still know all of the other stuff…the stuff that makes him a proficient accountant. Sometimes it is best to get a second opinion. Don’t worry, I won’t tell Matt.
With teachers headed back to school, we thought that it might be a good time to share some teacher-specific tax tips:
As an educator (defined as: teachers, counselors, principals, or aides who work at least 900 hours during a school year) in the K-12 capacity, you can automatically deduct up to $250 that you spend for your classrooms with no limitation on your Federal return.
In addition, you can take a $100 credit on your Indiana return.
Of course, your need to actually spend your own money and have receipts to back it up in order to get this or any deduction.
If you spend quite a bit more than $250 for your classroom, then your might get an additional deduction if your itemize your tax return. What is “quite a bit”? “Quite a bit” is generally $1,000 to $2,000 depending on your situation and the income of your family. That seems like alot of money, but once you consider that work-related mileage (at 54 cents/mile) and the work-related percentage of your cell phone bills count, then you might be closer than you think. Keep track of all of your mileage related to purchasing supplies, going to an after-school activity that is away from your school, driving to a student’s home, etc. The only miles that don’t count are the miles related to commuting back and forth from your home to your school.
Coaching a sport or leading an after-school activity can also create deductions. You should track your mileage to and from the location where the activities are held (…if the activities are not held at the same school where you regularly teach) as well as any equipment or supplies that you purchase for the activity.
Once you get to the end of the year, add up all of those miles and receipts and see where you stand. You might get some benefit from all of that recordkeeping!
Currently, a worker gets a “full” Social Security retirement benefit at age 66. They can start collecting at age 62 and receive 75% of their full monthly benefit each month or wait until age 70 and get about 132% of their full monthly benefit each month.
About half of Americans start collecting Social Security benefits as soon as they are allowed to at age 62. Their decision to collect “early” is usually based to their need to access the funds to meet living needs.
For those Americans that don’t “need the money” to survive, there are several seldom-discussed planning strategies available. They are easy enough to implement once you figure out which strategy is the right one.
Want an example? Husband and wife are the same age and retire at the same time. Reflexively, they both start collecting Social Security benefits at age 66 because “that is when they are supposed to”. If they had put some thought into it, they would have learned that they could pull $70,000 more out of social security in their lifetimes if wife would have started to collect at age 62, husband would have collected a spousal benefit from age 66 to age 70, and then collect his full benefit at age 70. They actually start to get money at age 62 and end up getting more than if they would have waited until age 66…wonderful!
Wonderful, but complicated. Fortunately, we do this everyday and can look at a couple’s earnings, age, and expected longetivity, calculate 14 different scenarios and let you know which one makes the most sense for you. Usually the standard answer of waiting until age 66 to collect is not the best one for you.
Are you or your parents approaching 60 years of age…now is the time to talk.
Fortune magazine had a wonderful article this month about how Amazon.com has managed to avoid collecting state sales tax for so long.
Before the story, first some background: A business is required to collect sales tax from customers in states where the business has a physical presence. If a business in Indiana sells a widget to a customer, in lets say, California, the business will only need to collect and remit to California the sales tax on that sale if the business has employees, or a location in California. Not surprisingly, most small businesses do not have a physical presence outside of their home state and so do not collect sales tax on sales made to customers in all of the other 49 states.
Starting out, Amazon.com only had a physical presence in their home state of Washington. As they added distribution centers all over the country and relied on employees in the various states to do work for them, one would assume that the company was establishing a physical presence in the various states, and thus, would need to start collecting sales tax on sales to those various states.
But in reality, Amazon.com largeley avoided collecting tax outside of Washington by holding those distribution centers and employees in entities that were separate from the Amazon.com entity. Thus, they argued, Amazon.com (the company that made the sale) itself did not have a physical presence in those states…the entity that held the distribution center had a physical presence, but that is OK because the distribution center doesn’t make sales and so does not need to collect sales tax anyway. By following this structure, Amazon.com avoided a physical presence in the states and maintained that they did not need to collect sales tax on sales outside of Washington.
This legal maneuvering has been around for decades and helps businesses avoid collecting or paying all kinds of taxes. Back when I worked for a large accounting firm with large clients, strategies like this were used every time the tax savings justified the extra hassle and professional fees needed to maintain these structures. We created entities and legally shifted profit and sales to avoid Federal tax, foreign tax, sales tax, property tax, state income tax, employment taxes, etc.
How does this relate to your small business?
More and more businesses based in Indiana are selling products on the web. This means that their employees are sitting at desks in Indiana and sending products to states in which they don’t have a physical presence. In those instances, sales tax need not be collected. But watch out…if the business employs someone, rents a location, contracts with a representative, sends a sales rep, or integrally relies on someone in a distant state, then that business might have created a physical presence and would need to now collect sales tax in that state. …Send an employee on a trip to collect on an account in Utah? …Go to a trade show in Florida? …Fix a broken product in New York? …Have a remote employee working from home in California? These simple everyday business occurrences can cause you to establish physical presence in a new state.
The laws vary from state to state as to what actions substantiate physical presence, so finding the answer may not be easy, but likely will be worthwhile.
If you are under age 59 1/2 and you need money now, you may be tempted to pull it from retirement funds (401K, IRA). I get it – the money is there just waiting for you to use it. But it is an EXPENSIVE source of money. For the typical middle class family with kids, about 1/2 of the money is lost to taxes when you pull it out. You pay Fed tax, IN tax, the 10% Fed penalty….but the extra income also typically causes you to lose a child tax credit, phase you out of a refundable credit, make you phase out of deductions, etc…all causing you to pay more taxes than you expect and end up with 1/2 of the money that you pull out.
I don’t have any bright ideas on where you are going to get the money that you need to live, but keep this in mind the next time you wonder about accessing this easy money.
Who pays taxes and why? There was a lot of talk during the election about the “47%” of Americans who pay no Federal income taxes. Now that the inauguration date has passed, let me give you some detail on that figure. The breakdown of the 47% of Americans that pay no tax is (based on 2010 and 2011 figures):
This accounts for 89% of the 47%.
That leaves 11% of the 47% as those Americans that take advantage of the refundable earned income tax credits and refundable child tax credits, the daycare credit, etc….basically those credits designed to “motivate” the working poor to actually work or to give the working poor a break.
With 3 Trillion of projected Federal budget deficits to close over the next 10 years, we Americans wonder who should be picking up the tab? Do we ask this 47% to pay more than $0?
Keep in mind that this group of Americans, like the rest of us, likely pay (or have paid, if retired) Social Security taxes, Medicare taxes, state taxes, property taxes, sales tax, fuel tax, excise taxes built in to products that they purchase, etc.
I have been following individual tax law since 2000. The 2010 and 2011 overall average Federal tax rates were the lowest I had ever seen. Other organizations that I follow said that the current tax rates were the lowest (measured broadly) that we had seen in the last 60 years.
The bottom line is that all of us paid the lowest Federal tax that we ever would in 2010 and 2011. 2012 wasn’t too bad either. 2013’s rates are only slightly higher (maybe 3% higher overall, mainly due to the repeal of the 2% social security tax cut) for the average family earning under $150,000. I expect average Federal tax rates to go up in 2014 and beyond…so enjoy it while it lasts.
Most of this information was gleaned from the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, which is one of the lobbying groups (left and right) that I follow. Regardless of what slant that you put on the numbers, numbers are numbers…you can put your own slant on them.
